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GLOSSRY Abbasid – A
dynasty that reigned in the middle of the second century of the Islamic calendar through
the eighth century. It dominated particularly Central Middle Easter region (Syria,
Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, and the Arabia Peninsula. Abu Hanifa – A second Islamic century jurist and the
founder of the Hanafi School of fiqh. Abu Ubaydah – A
general who lead the Muslim Armies the conquest the Byzantine Empire during the reign of
the first Caliph Abu Bakr Abu Yusu – A jurist who served a chief judge during the reign of the third Abbasid Caliph. Abyssinia – A
strong kingdom flourished in the forth and sixth centuries in Northeast Africa, in the
region of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ahkam – the plural
of hukm Al-Tabari – A
Muslim historian who wrote the first voluminous work describing early Muslim
history. Aman – A
permission to enter a Muslim territory (dar al-Islam) historically given to a non-Muslim
living in a hostile country (dar al-harb). Banu Qaynuqa – A
Jewish tribe lived in Madina around the time of the Prophet. Dar al-harb – A
political community engaged in war and hostility with the Muslims Dar al-Islam – The
territories in which Islamic law prevail. Fiqh – A term
referring to the various doctrine and rules derived from the Islamic sources by Muslim
jurists. Futuh al-Buldan – A voluminous book by the forth century
Muslim historian al Baladhuri. The book describes in detail the life various Muslim
cities. Hadith – The
written tradition of the Prophet of Islam. Hijra – The
literal meaning of the word is immigration. It usually refers to the immigration of early
Muslims from Makkah to Madina. The event marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar. Hijri – The
adjective of Hijra. Hudaybia – A place
near Makkah where an important peace treaty between the early Muslims and Quraysh was
signed. Hukum –
Shari’ah ruling. Hukum could be a general ruling (hokum ‘am), or a particular
ruling (hukum khass). Ibarah al-nass – The direct meaning of a statement. Ja’far bin
Abu-Talib – A companion of the Prophet, migrated to Abassynia. Jizyah – A tax historically imposed on member of non-Muslim community. Khandaq - A Trench dug
around a city for defense purposes. Kharaj – A tax
imposed on productive land, or herald. Madina – A city in West Arabia to the north of Makkah, where the fist Islamic community was founded by the Prophet. Madinan – The
adjective of Madina. Makkan – A city in West Arabia where the Prophet was born. Makkah is the center Muslim face during their daily prayers, and the site of the annual pilgrimage (Hajj). Makkah – The
adjective of Makkah. Malik – Malik bin
Anas is a Muslim jurist and the founder of one of the forth main schools of firq. Mansukh –
Qura’anic texts that have been abrogated by other texts. Mawardi – A Muslim
jurist who lived in the forth Islamic century during the Abbasid Caliphate. Mu’tah – A
town in present day Jordan, and was the site of the first battle between the Byzantine and
Muslim armies. Muhammad bin al-Hassan
– A leading Muslim jurist in the Hanifi school of fiqh. Muhkam – A firm
Shari’ah ruling, which mean a ruling the has clear meaning with a none controversial
application. Mushrik - A polytheist
who worship idols. Najashi – The king
of Abassinya during the time of the Prophet. He was sympathetic to Muslims and provided
protection to Muslims who sought refuge in his kingdom. Nass –Literally
means “text.” It is used often in reference to the Qur’anic text. Qur’an – The
book Muslims belief to be the word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Quraysh – The
tribe of the Prophet. Ridda – The act of
renouncing Islam; apostasy. Salam –
Peace Sarakhsi – A
Muslim jurist of the Hanafi school. Shafi’i – A
leading Muslim jurist and the founder of the second school of fiqh in the Sunni branch of
Islam. Sham – The region
of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine. Shari’ah –
Islamic Law Siyar – A term
used by the Hanafi jurist to refer to rulings governing the purpose and method of
war. Sunnah – The
tradition of the Prophet. Surah – A chapter
of the Qur’an. Suraqah bin amr –
A member of Quraysh who attempted to capture the Prophet during his journey of immigration
from Makkah to Madina. He later embraced Islam and fought the Muslim armies that conquered
Persia. Ta’wil – A
method of interpretation of the Qur’an. ‘Udwan –
Aggression. Ummah – Community
of the believers, often used to refer to the Muslim community. Usul al-fiqh –
Islamic jurisprudence. Zakah – An obligatory charity paid by Muslims. One of the five pillars of Islam. |
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| Copyright © 2001 Louay Safi |